Management Information System and Information Technology Sample

Question: Discuss about Management Information Systyem. Answer: Introduction Information technology is to make use of computers for enterprise or business purposes such as study, store, retrieve, manipulate and transmit the data. The article by Nicolas Carr examines the development of Information technology in business and it shows that the IT industry follow the same pattern as the earlier technologies did. According to the author, IT does not matter much in business technologies much. This assignment highlights the terms related to Management Information System (MIS) and Information technology (IT). The questions related to the article have been answered on qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Various information systems have been discussed which support decision making in an organization. The ethical issues, which rise in an organization, have also been discussed. The assignment gives a brief of the overall activities in an organization. Individual research assignment Management information system and its importance to organization. According to Nicolas Carr, use of has vanished from organizations. IT does not matters much in an organization in recent areas. But, Information system has emerged in the last decade and it is affecting every aspect of human life. The management information system has brought up untapped opportunities for business such as the secured payment process, web-based processes for business and managing the business from anywhere without being present in the office[1]. All the management functions are functioned through decision making in an organization. MIS in an organization helps the management to take reliable and timely actions and form a well-structured and reliable information system in the organization by the means of processing, collecting and disseminating the decision makers of the organization. Basic concepts of IT, computer system, software and hardware. According to Nicolas Carr, the system is called for in the business which is cost-conscious. But, There are many hardware as well as software components which form the IT system. In any organization, these components must be set up to implement proper Information system. The hardware components indulge the mouse, keyboard, monitor, central processing unit and the software components indulge the windows and other applications for smooth running of the system. Internet connection is a must factor to set up information system and make it work properly in an organization[2]. The organization can get huge benefits only if the system is set up properly. According to Nicolas Carr, the strategic implantation in the organization is clear. It is of two types which are the proprietary and the mid 1980s. There are different types of MIS which can be implemented in an organization. The first type is transaction processing system, which is designed to handle bulk of routine and recurring transactions. It is often used in banks to record the deposit and payments in the accounts. it is efficiency oriented and is not limited to internal or external boundaries[3]. The second type is management information system which is used by middle managers. It is based on the internal information flow in an organization and it deals with the past and present and past happenings rather than the future. The third type is decision support system which is an interactive computer system used by the managers. It supports the ill or semi structured decisions of an organization and is connected with the prediction of future. According to Nicolas Carr, internet is making human dumb. But, Internet can be refereed as the connection of devices on global basis which are linked together by routers and use a set of protocols known as the TCP/IP protocol. World Wide Web (WWW) is the assembly of numerous internet sites which are accessed by a hypertext interface. The links contain the document which can be anywhere in the world. the basic components of WWW are the browser which is a software which allows the access of world wide web, hypertext and hypermedia which electronic links to other texts, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) which is a set of commands which are used to create the WWW, the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) which links the documents through addressing scheme, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol which is a protocol used to exchange media, home page which is the starting location at WWW site and the client/server which provides internet services[4]. According to Nicolas Carr, data storage needs a proper warehouse environment. Database is the most essential component of nay organization. There are many key benefits of database, data warehouse and business intelligence in any organization. They are- these Factors standardizes the data in an organization, it helps the company to make smarter decision and move towards the decisions which are fact-based, it reduces cost and helps the company to drop the products which are no longer useful to the firm. These also help the organization to increase the revenue and work on the high-selling products in the market. As stated by Nicolas Carr, object oriented programmings concept are taken through the coordination theory. Object oriented technology has brought revolution in the computer industry and it has an association with the geographical information technology (GIS). The graphical objects include the things which can be dragged, slide, dropped, pushed, toggled and clicked. On the desktop, file-folders, program shortcuts and recycle bin is included in this. Widgets are used in the development of computer codes under this technology. The object oriented programming languages allows the user to generate the codes by just making a flowchart of the logic of the program. The key factors of this technology are encapsulation which refers to the bundling of elements of data and processing them in specific functions, polymorphism, class structure and inheritance. According to Nicolas Carr, use of IT is no longer fruitful in the IT sector. But in general, The information system which helps the management of any organization to make decisions is the Management Information System (MIS). The combination of raw data into equivalent information in an organization is the major role of Management Information System. It helps the organization to make decision as it has all the facts and figures collected and thus any data can be withdrawn from the system[5]. It saves a lot of time of the management as the time needs not to be wasted in searching the data. According to Nicolas Carr, the initial phase is the preliminary phase followed by other phases. The phases of system development life indulge various steps. The first step is planning which includes defining the system which is to be developed, setting the scope of the project and developing the plans of the project. The second phase is the analysis phase which indulges the gathering of requirements for any business. The third phase is the design phase which includes designing the system model and technical architecture. The fourth phase is the testing phase which includes the writing and performing of test conditions. The final phase is the maintenance phase which includes the building of help desk for supporting the users of the system. The methodologies used are rapid application development, extreme programming and agile methodology. The three tools used are the in sourcing, self-sourcing and the outsourcing. According to Nicolas Carr, the e-commerce business models vary throughout the world. The business models used in e-commerce are the Business-to-Business (B2B), the Business-to-Consumer (B2C), the Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C), the Consumer-to-Business (C2B), the Business-to-Government (B2G), the Government-to-Business (G2B) and the Government-to-Citizen (G2C). The trends in e-commerce are providing dynamic shopping experience, signal-driven and real time analytics, rigorous and live support engagement of the customers and customer retention programs. According to Nicolas Carr, ethical issues may rise from privacy to piracy. There are various ethical issues which have come up regarding the privacy, copyright and intellectual properties. They are- the access and control of information in the organization, the piracy of data by any ill-member if the organization, misuse of data by anti parties of the organization and the international considerations of the organization[6]. The data of the organization needs to be kept sensitive and confidential in order to safeguard the strategies of the organization[7]. The ethical issues also indulge the taking and sharing of the data by any member of the organization. According to Nicolas Carr, ethical issues may rise heavily due to the use of information technology. Digital forensics is the investigation done to find out the root of computer crimes. It is the science of analyzing, extracting and the presenting the evidence of digital things that has been stored in any particular digital device. Numerous tools and techniques are used to find the digital traces. The investigation process has several phases which are collection, examination, analyzing and reporting phase[8]. The suspects can hide the evidence in various devices and storage places such as the file slack, volume slack, deleted file spaces and file clusters[9]. The extraction process of data related to computer crime is referred to as cyber mining. According to Nicolas Carr, glorified typewriters and calculators are the tools for IT. Many terms have emerged in the passing decade regarding the Management Information System (MIS). These trends and technologies govern the processes of managing the information system in any organization. The emerging trends include the Big data analytics which refers to the organization, collection and the analysis of the data[10]. The two areas of MIS where big data can be applied are data mining and raw data maintenance. Raw data maintenance in any organization refers to managing of the raw data in any organization thorough database and other systems. Data mining refers to turning of raw data into useful information[11]. The other trend is cloud computing which utilizes than the personal computers and local servers[12]. It refers to store data on internet rather than the hard drive of the computer[13]. The other trend is mobile computing which refers to use of mobile rather than the personal comp uters. The other trend used is Smart machines which have widespread and deep impacts on business[14]. They are capable of making decisions and learn on their own. These machines are capable of increasing the efficiency and affectivity of the organization to much extent. The professionals of MIS should make use of the smart machines to get efficient profit from the business undergoing. Conclusion Hence, from the above discussion it can be concluded that Information system has emerged in the last decade and it is affecting every aspect of human life. The management information system has brought up untapped opportunities for business such as the secured payment process, web-based processes for business and managing the business from anywhere without being present in the office. The information system which helps the management of any organization to make decisions is the Management Information System (MIS). The combination of raw data into equivalent information in an organization is the major role of Management Information System. The methodologies used are rapid application development, extreme programming and agile methodology. The three tools used are the in sourcing, self-sourcing and the outsourcing. References Cole, K.A., Gupta, S., Gurugubelli, D. and Rogers, M.K., 2015, January. A Review of Recent Case Law Related to Digital Forensics: The Current Issues. InProceedings of the Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law(p. 95). Association of Digital Forensics, Security and Law. Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016.Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Dennis, A., Wixom, B.H. and Tegarden, D., 2015.Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. File, T. and Ryan, C., 2014. Computer and Internet use in the United States: 2013.American Community Survey Reports. Gerpott, T.J., Thomas, S. and Weichert, M., 2013. Characteristics and mobile Internet use intensity of consumers with different types of advanced handsets: An exploratory empirical study of iPhone, Android and other web-enabled mobile users in Germany.Telecommunications Policy,37(4), pp.357-371. Hough, M., Bradford, B., Jackson, J. and Quinton, P., 2016. Does Legitimacy Necessarily Tame Power? Some Ethical Issues in Translating Procedural Justice Principles into Justice Policy. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2013. Management Information Systems 13e. Mall, R., 2014.Fundamentals of software engineering. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Mocanu, D., Rossi, L., Zhang, Q., Karsai, M. and Quattrociocchi, W., 2015. Collective attention in the age of (mis) information.Computers in Human Behavior,51, pp.1198-1204. Monn, M.F., Bahler, C.D., Schneider, E.B. and Sundaram, C.P., 2013. Emerging trends in robotic pyeloplasty for the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults.The Journal of urology,189(4), pp.1352-1357. Carr, N.G., 2003. IT doesn't matter.Educause Review,38, pp.24-38. Patterson, D.A. and Hennessy, J.L., 2013.Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface. Newnes. Rogers, R. and Marres, N., 2016. Landscaping climate change: A mapping technique for understanding science and technology debates on the World Wide Web.Public Understanding of Science. Rybalchenko, A. and Steinebach, M., 2014, December. Towards a Process Model for Hash Functions in Digital Forensics. InDigital Forensics and Cyber Crime: Fifth International Conference, ICDF2C 2013, Moscow, Russia, September 26-27, 2013, Revised Selected Papers(Vol. 132, p. 170). Springer. Wastell, D. and White, S., 2014. Beyond bureaucracy: Emerging trends in social care informatics.Health informatics journal,20(3), pp.213-219 Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2013. Management Information Systems 13e. Patterson, D.A. and Hennessy, J.L., 2013.Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface. Newnes. Mall, R., 2014.Fundamentals of software engineering. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Mocanu, D., Rossi, L., Zhang, Q., Karsai, M. and Quattrociocchi, W., 2015. Collective attention in the age of (mis) information.Computers in Human Behavior,51, pp.1198-1204 Gerpott, T.J., Thomas, S. and Weichert, M., 2013. Characteristics and mobile Internet use intensity of consumers with different types of advanced handsets: An exploratory empirical study of iPhone, Android and other web-enabled mobile users in Germany.Telecommunications Policy,37(4), pp.357-371. Dennis, A., Wixom, B.H. and Tegarden, D., 2015.Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley Sons. Rogers, R. and Marres, N., 2016. Landscaping climate change: A mapping technique for understanding science and technology debates on the World Wide Web.Public Understanding of Science. Hough, M., Bradford, B., Jackson, J. and Quinton, P., 2016. Does Legitimacy Necessarily Tame Power? Some Ethical Issues in Translating Procedural Justice Principles into Justice Policy. File, T. and Ryan, C., 2014. Computer and Internet use in the United States: 2013.American Community Survey Reports. Cole, K.A., Gupta, S., Gurugubelli, D. and Rogers, M.K., 2015, January. A Review of Recent Case Law Related to Digital Forensics: The Current Issues. InProceedings of the Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law(p. 95). Association of Digital Forensics, Security and Law. Wastell, D. and White, S., 2014. Beyond bureaucracy: Emerging trends in social care informatics.Health informatics journal,20(3), pp.213-219. Monn, M.F., Bahler, C.D., Schneider, E.B. and Sundaram, C.P., 2013. Emerging trends in robotic pyeloplasty for the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults.The Journal of urology,189(4), pp.1352-1357. Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016.Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Rybalchenko, A. and Steinebach, M., 2014, December. Towards a Process Model for Hash Functions in Digital Forensics. InDigital Forensics and Cyber Crime: Fifth International Conference, ICDF2C 2013, Moscow, Russia, September 26-27, 2013, Revised Selected Papers(Vol. 132, p. 170). Springer.

Find Out Who is Talking About Analytical Essay Example and Why You Need to Be Worried

Find Out Who is Talking About Analytical Essay Example and Why You Need to Be Worried Analytical Essay Example Writing a term paper is a job which they may handle very easily and they're going to offer immediate service to you. Grammar is an entire bunch of rules, sometimes. Between grammar and style, it is much easier to improve. In some instances such kind of writing is also referred to as persuasive writing and demands some acute writing abilities. Keep in mind that the previous two writing forms are written in the very first individual. Additional financial sense might not be the sole issue a business faces. An effective format can help you to plan your notions in appropriate purchase. For instance, it is a requirement to offer a counterargument to your principal argument in persuasive essays. You could also see concept essay. Based on the subject, each essay will be different dependent on the depth of the thesis. You should certainly search for an analytical essay example. Understanding Analytical Essay Example The topic you choose to pick for your analytical essay will ascertain the facts and details you want to include. You'll be advised about including your last thoughts for certain kinds of essays. All you have to do is to begin solving some sample essays! There are different kinds of essay s that I would assume most of you are already familiarized with. If you're truly serious in understanding how to make a superb essay, you have to have a look at the tips below. Your ideas will have to be organized and fully developed. Audience or a particular person for whom you're preparing your analytical essays have an excellent importance. A succinct background information is necessary. So, you must make certain there are at least 5-6 paragraphs in your essay, if you would like a good score on the AWA. Since you may see, the longer the essay, the greater the grades. You might also see student essay. You could also see synthesis essay. Whenever your analytical essay is all typed up, they can let you make sure it's as fantastic as it can get. Keep in mind that it's not a narrative essay, rather an essay that is targeted at analyzing the subject. If you wish to heighten reader's interest try working with some suitable quotes or provocative questions based on your topic. After all, there may be a number of diverse angles to one and the very same issue, and you ought to pick yours before you get started writing. Along with that, your point of view will choose the sort of essay you're writing. In some instances, just one view point might also be presented to the readers. The first facet of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the sections of the argument that are related to the undertaking. An analytical essay is a powerful manner of communicating critical thought about various subjects. In order to create the organizing of the structure and make the total procedure for writing the whole essay, you ought to make an outline. You are able to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. The introduction usually starts out with some type of background details. Both test your capacity to compose a cogent thesis statement you have to defend over the class of many paragraphs. The objective of your introduction is to have the reader interested in your analysis. Proceed with claiming your principal thesis clearly and accurately including some appropriate information if needed to come up with reader's comprehension and describe briefly how you're going to give evidence of your claim. Or, to actually get a feeling of the way the scores work, have a peek at a couple of sample essays. Most students believe essay length the only important issue in regards to AWA scoring. One of the most usual varieties of analysis that college and higher school students perform.

Internet Research Paper Topics - What Kind of Research Paper Topics Are Needed?

Internet Research Paper Topics - What Kind of Research Paper Topics Are Needed?If you are doing research paper topics related to internet business, you must have a plan in place that will help you find a number of ideas and methods for research paper topics. The first thing you need to know is what type of research paper topics are necessary.The internet is full of information. It's full of websites. And it is also full of research paper topics. You need to have a good idea of the topic you want to write about before you go online.You can do some research about the topic yourself or you can hire someone to do it for you. Either way, you need to make sure that the topic is related to your subject or the type of site you want to create. A good starting point would be the site's name.After you find the name of the site, find out if the site is for education or for sale. It will probably be for sale. Find out if it's educational or not and look for research paper topic ideas for both of these types of sites.Now you should have a bit of an idea of the type of site you want, but you might be able to come up with a good topic for a general purpose website or you might find a topic for a site that isn't meant for education at all. Whatever the case, you can now start looking for research paper topic ideas.Some of the things you could do are to join forums, study groups, and even chat rooms to get ideas. There are many sources for internet related research papers, so make sure you take advantage of them. A quick Google search will turn up many ideas.Another great source of internet related ideas is the free classified ads in the newspaper. The classified section of the newspaper lists various advertisements for various products and services. You can also get ideas from other sites you visit.All of this sounds pretty overwhelming, but once you have figured out how to get ideas, then you just need to make sure you start researching internet related research paper topics. This is really the easiest part. And once you have a basic outline of the topic, you should be able to come up with a good topic.

Read What an Old Pro is Saying About Custom Speech Writing Service

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Peets Coffee and Tea Application of Machiavellis Ideas in Enhancing Business

Company Profile Peet’s coffee and tea is a corporation found in San Francisco Bay and mainly specializes in coffee roasting and retailing. Alfred Peet established the organization in 1966 and it has been expanding year after another following his able leadership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peet’s Coffee and Tea: Application of Machiavelli’s Ideas in Enhancing Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He established a small coffee roasting business that with the solely purpose of sourcing funds to cater for his expenses implying that he was never optimistic of forming a large organization that has the potential to compete with the market leader. The company was strategically situated, a factor that contributed to its growth since it served the students from the University of California. Currently, the organization has several branches across the country, with the major ones in California, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, and Illinois. The management has been keen on exploiting the market in order to achieve the financial objectives. The administration appreciates the fact that students are likely to consume coffee products and it has always ensured that it negotiates with various university bodies as regards to the opening of the coffee shops and outlets. However, the organization does not have the capacity to compete with other market leaders, such as Starbucks because of its narrow focus. Unlike Starbucks, it only concentrates on coffee and tea production and retailing. This makes it a California company, with few stores and outlets across the country. This paper argues that the ideas of Machiavelli on the prince could be applied successfully to enhance business in the organization. In other words, Peet’s coffee and tea has the potential of outsmarting the market leaders, such as Starbucks by simply borrowing the views of Machiavelli. In the Prince, Machiavell i was of the view that the leader has to apply all available tactics in order to achieve greatness for the city-state. Based on this, the leader can choose to be cunning, diplomatic, persuasive, or destructive, as long as the major goals are achieved. This means that the end will always justify the means since the ultimate goal will clarify the path in which a leader followed. In this case, Peet’s coffee and tea has to employ all available strategies to outmuscle the market leaders, such as Starbucks. This paper looks at various aspects of Machiavelli’s views as far as gaining and maintaining power is concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World’s most popular leaders, including Hitler, Stalin, Lenin, Mussolini, and Napoleon applied Machiavelli’s ideas successfully, even though some of them never modified the assumptions to suit their environm ents. Peet’ coffee and tea is encouraged to adjust the views to be consistent with the business environment in which it operates. Since Machiavelli’s ideas relates to rising to power without moral or legal consideration, the organization has to borrow a few productive ideas, but it should not import them wholesomely. For Machiavelli, Peet’s coffee and tea will have to apply tricks, such as murder, betrayal, unfaithfulness, pitilessness, and impiousness to achieve the objectives. However, all these would definitely lead to the collapse of the organization and it may as well attract legal tussles. Through Machiavelli’s techniques, the organization will simply gain power, but it would be difficult to achieve glory (Scott and Kesten 118). Opponents of Machiavelli’s views are of the opinion that ethics must be considered when engaging in leadership and business implying that murdering some people to take over their wealth is immoral (Benner 89). Kantian theory of ethics suggests that any action has to be universal meaning that the majority has to support it or subscribe to it. Additionally, Kant opposed the view that human beings could perhaps be used as the means to an end. On the other hand, utilitarianism tends to support the views of Machiavelli since a negative action can be taken to salvage the interests of the majority. Therefore, Peet’s coffee and tea should be aware of the general ethical standards and business codes of ethics when applying some of these ideas. Qualities of the Leader Machiavelli presented the qualities of a good leader with the capability of taking the organization to a different level. He talked about virtue, which has a stronger meaning as compared to the modern meaning. For him, virtues could mean a talent, expertise, power, dynamism, vigor, resourcefulness, bravery, or strength of mind. In this regard, virtue is an important quality in leadership that the prince has to acquire if he is to gove rn the city in the most appropriate way. In the same way, the entrepreneur and the business manager need some of these qualities since they enable them to offer superior services to several stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peet’s Coffee and Tea: Application of Machiavelli’s Ideas in Enhancing Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management of Peet’s coffee and tea should employ some of these features since they are compatible with any business objective. Apart from virtue, Machiavelli talked about other three features of a good leader that enable him or her to maintain power. Any leader should be stingy instead of being generous because bigheartedness does not allow people to note the difference, even though the leader might have brought several changes (Mulcaster 66). However, generosity is only applied when it is determined that it can achieve the immediate objective. Peet’s coffee and tea has failed to achieve its main objective of gaining a competitive advantage because of laxity. In the global market, companies that have explored this feature effectively have succeeded in being the market leaders. One such company is Microsoft because it always hoards products to control the prices, a technique that accountants refer to as cookie jar, which is effective in gaining competitive advantage. Another important feature for the leader is discipline whereby he noted that it would be far much better to be feared than to be loved. Even though this would be challenging to apply in Peet’s coffee and tea, any manager has to study its viability. Finally, the leader has to be truthful, but can be applied only if it is a means to an end. Several leaders have applied deception to realize organizational ambitions, with Ian Telford, the internal entrepreneur at Dow Chemicals, being cited as an example. The leader spread rumors about a project that ended up being successful. It should be noted that the features of a leader that Machiavelli suggested are only used to achieve power, but they are shrewd and treacherous because they do not consider morality. Acquisition of Power through Individual Ability and Freedom The qualities discussed in the above section help a leader in the organization to execute his or her duties professionally, but this cannot be achieved without self-confidence and self-being. This means that business managers should always be concerned with their health physically, emotionally, and psychology since any lapse can result in serious problems that could bring the operations of the business down.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The political climate in Italy at the time was characterized by competition and selfishness, which is the same as the current market that forces organizations to engage in zero-sum games. In this case, the political leader in the Italian society had to do things without relying on another person because no one was to be trusted. Peet’s coffee and tea has to instruct its managers to concentrate on delivering the core objectives and this can only be realized when each leader moves in to deal with the situation personally without relying on the juniors. Machiavelli gave an example of King David who refused to be given additional weapons to engage Goliath in a fight. Based on this, Peet’s coffee and tea should accumulate adequate resources to enable it fight for its rightful place in the market instead of relying on external forces, such as recession and government regulations. Furthermore, Machiavelli recommended the recruitment of mercenaries in fighting the enemy becaus e they are highly trained and dangerous enough to destroy the opponent (Machiavelli 8). In the same way, Peet’s coffee and tea should have close confidants who would swing into action to deliver the expected goals when conditions are extreme. Machiavelli noted further that the activities of mercenaries in Italy made the country lose its position as the most powerful country in the continent. In this case, Peet’s coffee and tea should not rely too much on other companies, including those contracted to supply and distribute goods, but instead it has to come up with ways that would enable it sustain market competition. Regarding the workforce, the management has to empower each employee to develop loyalty since devoted employees would be willing to die for the organization (Gladwell 12). The Role of Favor in Maintenance of Power In the tenth chapter of his book, Machiavelli talked about the nature of human beings by noting that they prefer conferring orders as opposed to receiving them meaning that they are naturally appetitive. He discussed the forfeited cities of Germany in the chapter, an idea that can be borrowed to strengthen the performance of Peet’s coffee and tea. In this regard, it is factual that any organization is likely to cope with the changes in the external environment provided the management has the support of the workforce. Borrowing from the views of Machiavelli, the organization has to cater for the needs of all employees, including provision of security and basic needs (Gunnthorsdottir, McCabe, and Smith 46). For instance, employees should be assured of their jobs to prevent any anxiety that comes because of loss of employment. The organization has to devise some of the strategies that will attract employees to work hard towards realization of major goals. Peet’s coffee and tea has to formulate and implement this strategy since major competitors are already doing it. For instance, the owner of Starbucks, Howard Sch ultz, introduced health benefits meant to cater for the health needs of employees (Hill and Gareth 26). This had an effect because many hard working and reliable employees agreed to sign long-term contracts. Opportunity and the External Surrounding Machiavelli appreciated the role of luck in enhancing leadership since some people might possess all the features of a good leader, but they might not be successful in leading the organization to higher places. Even though a leader might achieve power through luck, such leadership is usually temporary, as it would be difficult to maintain it. In fact, this is applicable in the business environment because a company should be able to fight for its place instead of relying on unpredictable circumstances to manage competition. Luck presents itself because of opportunities and it is suggested that any slightest chance has to be utilized maximally. Many leaders in the world have succeeded without necessarily relying on fortune, but they explor ed opportunities that presented themselves during their tenures. Similarly, a number of organizations have been successful in the global market because of seizing any slightest chance. Once an organization is given an opportunity, it has to come up with strategies that would enable it expand and maintain the market. Peet’s coffee and tea has several chances that it has to exploit to outsmart market leaders, such as Starbucks. For this to happen, its leaders should possess certain personal and interpersonal qualities, which are critical when it comes to executing duties. Through these qualities, they have to create opportunities and exploit them to gain an advantage in the market (Whelan 88). For instance, Peet’s coffee and tea has to employ technology in its operations, especially in marketing of products since the social media is the new channel of information distribution. It should be remembered that the views of Machiavelli should never be implemented wholesome bec ause they were not meant for business. In fact, business principles were non-existent at his time and social corporate responsibility was not developed. In the modern society, the organization has to observe strict business ethics if it has any ambition of being the market leader. Works Cited Benner, Erica. Machiavelli’s Ethics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. New York: Little Brown, 2000. Print. Gunnthorsdottir, Anna, McCabe, Kevin, and Smith, Vernon. â€Å"Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game†. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23.2 (2002), 49-66. Hill, Charles, and Gareth, Jones. Strategic Management Theory: an Integrated Approach. New York: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. Machiavelli, NiccoloÌ€. The Prince. New York: Sovereign, 2012. Print. Mulcaster, Walters. â€Å"Three Strategic Frameworks.† Business Strategy Series, 10.1, (2009): 68-75. Print. Scott , Armstrong, and Kesten, Greene. â€Å"Competitor-oriented Objectives: The Myth of Market Share†. International Journal of Business, 12.1 (2007): 116–134. Print. Whelan, Frederick. Hume and Machiavelli: Political Realism and Liberal Thought. New York: Lexington, 2007. Print. This essay on Peet’s Coffee and Tea: Application of Machiavelli’s Ideas in Enhancing Business was written and submitted by user Maximilian Duke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Threats to Monarch Migration

10 Threats to Monarch Migration Though monarch butterflies as a species are not in danger of extinction in the near future, their unique North American migration may cease without intervention. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calls the monarch migration an endangered biological phenomenon. Migrating monarchs face threats throughout their journey, from their overwintering sites to their breeding grounds. Here are 10 threats to monarch migration, all of them the result of human activities. Until we change our ways, monarchs will likely continue to decline throughout their North American migration route. 1. Roundup-Resistant Crops American corn and soybean growers now plant mostly genetically-modified crops that are resistant to the herbicide Roundup. Rather than till the soil to control weeds in their fields, farmers can now plant their crops first, and then spray their fields with Roundup to kill the weeds. The weeds, including milkweed, die back, while the corn or soybeans continue to grow. Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), perhaps the most important monarch host plant of all the milkweeds, can still thrive in a tilled field. Ask any gardener who has planted a patch of it about how quickly it spreads, and how hard it is to keep from resprouting. But common milkweed (or any milkweed species, for that matter) cannot tolerate these repeated applications of Roundup on farm fields. Milkweed in agricultural fields is believed to have been a food source for up to 70% of monarchs in the past; the loss of these plants could seriously impact the population. Roundup doesnt discriminate, either, so nectar plants tha t once bloomed between crops have disappeared in these areas, too. 2. Insecticide Use This might seem like a no-brainer (and perhaps it is), but monarch populations can be impacted by exposure to insecticides, even those intended for controlling other insects. In some cases, the insecticide in question may be deemed safe to other, non-targeted wildlife, but often no studies exist to prove the product wont harm monarch butterflies. Fear of West Nile virus leads many communities to conduct aerial spraying programs of pesticides intended to kill mosquitoes, to the possible detriment of monarchs. Permethrin, for example, is used to control adult mosquitoes, but one study done by the Monarch Lab at the University of Minnesota showed that permethrin residue on milkweed foliage is highly lethal to monarch caterpillars, particularly in the early instars. Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)is a bacteria that specifically targets caterpillars. It is applied aerially to forests, to combat pests like the gypsy moth, and inserted into genetically modified corn, to help the plants repel pe sts like the corn borer. Studies show that windblown pollen from GM corn can kill monarch larvae if the toxic pollen lands on milkweed foliage. Fortunately, recent research suggests Bt-laden corn pollen may not pose a serious threat to the overall monarch population. 3. Roadside Maintenance Activities Milkweed grows well in disturbed habitats like roadsides. It could be said that most monarch enthusiasts can spot a milkweed patch while driving 60 miles per hour down the highway! One would think such an easy growing host plant would give monarchs an edge, but unfortunately, the people who maintain our right-of-ways usually view milkweed as a weed, and nothing more. In many places, the roadside vegetation is mowed, often right when milkweed is at its peak and crawling with caterpillars. In some cases, roadside vegetation is treated with herbicides. As farmers eliminate milkweed from their fields with Roundup, roadside milkweed stands will be more important to migrating monarchs. 4. Ozone Pollution Ozone, a major component of smog, is highly toxic to plants. Some plants are more sensitive to ozone pollution than others. Milkweed is highly sensitive to ozone at ground level, so much so that it is considered a reliable bio-indicator of ozone pollution. Milkweed plants affected by ozone develop dark lesions on their foliage, a symptom known as stippling. While we know the quality of milkweed suffers in areas of high ground-level ozone, we know little about how this may impact monarch larvae that feed on milkweed plants in smoggy areas. 5. Deforestation Overwintering monarchs need forests for protection from the elements, and they need very specific forests at that. The population that breeds east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to mountains in central Mexico, where they can roost in dense stands of oyamel fir trees. Unfortunately, those trees are a valuable resource, and even after the monarch wintering site was designated as a preserve, logging activities continued illegally. In the 20 years from 1986 to 2006, an estimated 10,500 hectares of forest were either lost entirely or disturbed to a degree that they no longer provided suitable winter cover for the butterflies. Since 2006, the Mexican government has been more vigilant in enforcing the logging ban within the preserve, and thankfully, deforestation has decreased significantly in recent years. 6. Water Diversion Since long before the monarchs were found clinging to trees by the millions in Mexico, Mexican families have subsisted off the land in and around the oyamel forests. Local residents need water, both for their homes and for their cattle and crops. In recent years, villagers have started diverting water from mountain streams, using plastic pipes to intercept and direct it to their homes and farms. Not only does this leave streambeds dry, but it also requires the overwintering monarchs to fly longer distances in search of water. And the farther they fly, the more energy the butterflies require to survive until spring. 7. Real Estate Development California boasts some of the countrys highest property values, so its no surprise that monarchs on the west coast might get squeezed out by land developers. Both breeding habitat and wintering sites are at risk. Remember, the monarch butterfly is not an endangered species, so it isnt afforded the protections of the Endangered Species Act. So far, butterfly enthusiasts and monarch lovers have done a good job of pleading for the conservation of overwintering sites, which are scattered from San Diego County to Marin County along the California coastline. But vigilance must be maintained to make sure the monarchs keep this prime real estate. 8. Removal of Non-Native Eucalyptus Trees Why would the removal of non-native trees impact the monarch butterfly, a native species? In the mid-to-late 19th century, Californians imported and planted no less than 100 species of eucalyptus from Australia. These hardy trees grew like weeds along the California coast. Western monarch butterflies found the groves of eucalyptus trees provided ideal protection in the winter, even better than the stands of native pines where they roosted in the past. The western population of North American monarchs now relies heavily on these stands of introduced trees to see them through the winter. Unfortunately, eucalyptus is known for its propensity to fuel wildfires, so these forests are not so beloved by land managers. We may see a decline in monarch numbers where the non-native trees are removed. 9. Climate Change Monarchs need very specific climate conditions to survive the winter, and this is why their overwintering sites are limited to just 12 mountains in Mexico and a handful of eucalyptus groves in California. It doesnt matter whether you believe climate change is caused by humans (it is) or not, climate change is real and it is happening now. So what will that mean for the migrating monarchs? Scientists used climate change models to predict what conditions at the overwintering sites will be in the near future, and the models paint a gloomy picture for the monarchs. By 2055, climate change models predict the oyamel forests of Mexico will see precipitation similar to what the area experienced in 2002 when an estimated 70-80% of the monarchs in the two largest overwintering sites died. Why is wet weather so detrimental to the monarchs? In a drier climate, the butterflies can adjust to the cold by a process known as supercooling. Wet butterflies freeze to death. 10. Tourism The very people who care the most about monarchs may be contributing to their demise. We didnt even know where the monarchs spent their winters until 1975, but in the decades since, millions of tourists have made the pilgrimage to central Mexico to see this mass gathering of butterflies. Each winter, up to 150,000 visitors travel to the remote oyamel forests. The impact of 300,000 feet on the steep mountain trails causes considerable soil erosion. Many tourists travel by horseback, kicking up dust that blocks spiracles and literally suffocates the butterflies. And each year, more businesses pop up to cater to butterfly tourists, requiring more resources and creating more waste. Even in the U.S., tourism has sometimes hurt more than help the monarchs. A motel built at one of the California overwintering locations degraded the forest and caused the butterflies to abandon the site. Sources North American Monarch Conservation Plan (PDF), prepared by the Secretariat of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).Conservation Initiative in North America to Protect Monarch Butterfly, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).Monarch Butterfly Conservation in North America, U.S. Forest Service.Migrating Monarch Butterflies in Monterey County, Ventana Wildlife Society.Species Profile (Monarch), Species at Risk Public Registry, Government of Canada.The Effects of Mosquito-Control Applications of Permethrin on Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Larvae, Sara Brinda, 2004.Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Resmethrin on Nontargeted Species, Meredith Blank, 2006.